Macbeth by William Shakespeare has a long history of translation in Japan.
After Ogai Mori first translated the play in 1913, 19 versions followed
in these 100 years. Through a comparative study of the 20 different translations,
especially by focusing on a single noun ‘Witch’, this essay aims to highlight
the use of Kanji (Japanese written characters) that could effectively express
the ambiguous language of Shakespeare. Among these 20 translations, there
are 4 different ways to call the witches. The simplest and the most common
one is ‘Majo (魔女)’, the direct translation of the word. Others are ‘Yoba
(妖婆)’, an old lady with black magic, ‘Yojo (妖女)’, a lady with black magic,
and Shoyo Tsubouchi’s unique use of ‘Witch / Youfu (妖巫)’, meaning a shrine
maiden with black magic. Tsubouchi’s might be the most adventurous case
to transfer the meaning of Macbeth into Japanese language, by mixing the
original English pronunciation and the physical image of Kanji. This essay
will point out his inventive way of placing the rubies, different from
the common use, in search of their possibility to be successful in expanding
the meaning of Japanese and adjusted it to cohere with Shakespeare’s English.
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